tundra
Main idea
The word tundra derives from the Finnish word for barren or treeless land. The tundra is the simplest biome in terms of species composition and food chains The tundra covers about 20% of the word . The tundra in the north of canada is called a polar desert or cold desert . It doesn’t have sand , it has no camels , and there are no oases because al the water is frozen solid for almost 10 months of the year .
The report
# Growthforms: typical are ground-hugging and other warmth
preserving.
# forms including: tussock-forming graminoids, mats or cushion plants, often evergreen members of the heath family, rosettes, dwarf shrubs, some of which are deciduous in habit.
# Climate: The high latitude conditions of Koeppen’s ET climate type that impact life in this biome include; extremely short growing season (6 to 10 weeks), long, cold, dark winters (6 to 10 months with mean monthly derives from the Finnish word for barren or treeless land. The temperatures below 32° F or 0° C.), low precipitation (less than five inches/year) coupled with strong, drying winds. Snowfall is actually advantageous to plant and animal life as it provides an insulating layer on the ground surface.
# Edaphic controls: Permafrost, not cold temperatures per se, is generally believed to be what prevents tree growth. Furthermore, freeze-thaw activity, a thin active layer, and solifluction during the warmer months contribute to strong controls on vegetation patterns and create a mosaic of microhabitats and plant communities. Soil: No true soil is developed in this biome due to the edaphic factors mentioned above.
# Fauna: Strategies evolved to withstand the harsh conditions of the tundra can be divided among those species that are resident and those that are migratory. Among the small number of bird (e.g., ptarmigan) and mammal (e.g., muskox, arctic hare, arctic fox, musk ox) species that reside year-round on the tundra one commonly finds:
* Morphological adaptations
large, compact bodies following Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules, a thick insulating cover of feathers or fur, pelage and plumage that turns white in winter, brown in summer
( 3 )
* Physiological adaptations
ability to accumulate thick deposits of fat during the short growing season. Fat acts as insulation and as a store of energy for use during the winter, when animal species remain active.
# Distribution: The tundra biome is restricted to the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere in a belt around the Arctic Ocean. Many of its species, both plant and animal, have circumpolar distribution areas.
# Within the tundra biome a latitudinal zonation of communities is realized:
# High Arctic Tundra: essentially confined to the islands of the Arctic Ocean and characterized by scattered lichens and mosses on care rock surfaces and perennial forbs growing in protected crannies among sharp, ice-fractured rock debris .
# Middle Arctic Tundra: restricted to the Arctic Coastal plain where level terrain, a thin active layer, and freeze and thaw result in patterned ground, or rock polygons. The sorting of particles by freeze-thaw activity results in a waterlogged center to the polygons, a microhabitat conducive to sphagnum moss and sedges; and an outer ring that is drier and provides a microhabitat favorable to forbs and some dwarf heaths.
# Low Arctic Tundra: the majority of the tundra lies on better drained slopes with greater depth to permafrost than is encountered on the Arctic coastal plain. Here there is a greater frequency of woody shrubs: willow, birch, and various berry-bearing members of the heath family. Along streams willows and alders may be 10 feet high. On south-facing slopes needleleaf evergreen trees (spruce and fir) are established and represent the northernmost extensions of the great boreal forest to the south. (Such areas where two biomes interdigitate are known as ecotones.)
Finally
The tundra is very far north , Its called the " land of hhe midnight sun " . whether deserts are cold , I think it is difficult to live in any of them . so the tundra is very cold and hot . For 2 months per year the sun does not shine in the Arctic .
References
Pupils Book 12 ** Internet htte:\www.radfort.edultundra.html# tunmat
My main outlines of the report are
.~. صنع يدي .~.